V. Lux, I. , and S. E. , Anatomy of the red cell membrane skeleton: unanswered questions, Blood, vol.127, issue.2, pp.187-99, 2016.
DOI : 10.1182/blood-2014-12-512772

T. Peyrard, Les ph??notypes ??rythrocytaires rares??: un enjeu de sant?? publique, Transfusion Clinique et Biologique, vol.15, issue.3, pp.109-119, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.tracli.2008.02.001

T. Peyrard and P. Rouger, La sécurité transfusionnelle et obstétricale des sujets présentant un groupe sanguin érythrocytaire rare. Hématologie, pp.143-55, 2010.

N. Revelli, The Lombardy Rare Donor Programme, Blood Transfus, vol.12, issue.1, pp.249-55, 2014.

H. Hustinx, DGTI Register of Rare Donors, Transfusion Medicine and Hemotherapy, vol.41, issue.5, pp.338-379, 2014.
DOI : 10.1159/000366106

P. Levine and R. E. Stetson, AN UNUSUAL CASE OF INTRA-GROUP AGGLUTINATION, Journal of the American Medical Association, vol.113, issue.2, pp.126-133, 1939.
DOI : 10.1001/jama.1939.72800270002007a

A. S. Wiener, E. B. Sonn, and R. B. Belkin, Heredity of the Rh blood types, J Exp Med, issue.3, pp.79-235, 1944.

A. S. Wiener, J. Moor-jankowski, and E. B. Gordon, Blood groups of apes and monkeys. IV. The Rh-Hr blood types of anthropoid apes, Am J Hum Genet, issue.16, pp.246-53, 1964.

P. Tippett, A speculative model for the Rh blood groups, Annals of Human Genetics, vol.54, issue.3, pp.241-248, 1986.
DOI : 10.3181/00379727-54-14419

I. Mouro, Molecular genetic basis of the human Rhesus blood group system, Nature Genetics, vol.74, issue.1, pp.62-67, 1993.
DOI : 10.1016/0076-6879(81)76159-7

Z. Liu, Rh Type B Glycoprotein Is a New Member of the Rh Superfamily and a Putative Ammonia Transporter in Mammals, Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol.51, issue.2, pp.1424-1457, 2001.
DOI : 10.1093/emboj/17.5.1236

A. M. Marini, The human Rhesus-associated RhAG protein and a kidney homologue promote ammonium transport in yeast, Nat Genet, vol.26, issue.3, pp.341-345, 2000.

P. Ripoche, Human Rhesus-associated glycoprotein mediates facilitated transport of NH3 into red blood cells, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.279, issue.10, pp.17222-17229, 2004.
DOI : 10.1074/jbc.M312399200

V. Endeward, channel in the human red cell membrane, The FASEB Journal, vol.22, issue.1, pp.64-73, 2008.
DOI : 10.1096/fj.07-9097com

Y. Colin, Genetic basis of the RhD-positive and RhD-negative blood group polymorphism as determined by Southern analysis, Blood, issue.10, pp.78-2747, 1991.

B. K. Singleton, The presence of an RHD pseudogene containing a 37 base pair duplication and a nonsense mutation in africans with the Rh D-negative blood group phenotype, Blood, vol.95, issue.1, pp.12-20, 2000.

M. Silvy, Identification of novel polymorphism restricted to the (C)ces type 1 haplotype avoids risk of transfusion deadlock in SCD patients, Br J Haematol, issue.6, pp.160-863, 2013.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00763786

B. N. Pham, - phenotype in black persons, Transfusion, vol.61, issue.3, pp.495-504, 2009.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1537-2995.2008.02005.x

C. P. Shao, Molecular background of Rh D-positive, D-negative, Del and weak D phenotypes in Chinese, Vox Sanguinis, vol.74, issue.2, pp.156-61, 2002.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1423-0410.1998.tb05444.x

P. Tippett, C. Lomas-francis, and M. Wallace, The Rh Antigen D: Partial D Antigens and Associated Low Incidence Antigens, Vox Sanguinis, vol.76, issue.suppl 1, pp.123-154, 1996.
DOI : 10.1042/bj2710821

M. E. Reid, C. Lomas-francis, and M. L. Olsson, The Blood Group Antigen. 2012. 3. 22. Flegel, W.A., How I manage donors and patients with a weak D phenotype, Curr Opin Hematol, issue.6, pp.13-476, 2006.

T. Wagner, Anti-D immunization by DEL red blood cells, Transfusion, vol.32, issue.4, pp.520-526, 2005.
DOI : 10.1111/j.0041-1132.2005.04256.x

M. Scott, Section 1A: Rh serologyCoordinator???s report, Transfusion Clinique et Biologique, vol.9, issue.1, pp.23-32, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/S1246-7820(01)00211-7

T. H. Müller, PCR screening for common weak D types shows different distributions in three Central European populations, Transfusion, vol.95, issue.1, pp.45-52, 2001.
DOI : 10.1046/j.1537-2995.2000.40020256.x

M. Touinssi, alleles in native Congolese cohorts, Transfusion, vol.48, issue.2, pp.1353-60, 2009.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1537-2995.2009.02161.x
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00637697

F. Araújo, Weak D type 2 is the most prevalent weak D type in Portugal, Transfusion Medicine, vol.93, issue.1, pp.63-70, 2006.
DOI : 10.1186/1471-2156-2-10

M. Christiansen, Correlation between serology and genetics of weak D types in Denmark, Transfusion, vol.93, issue.0, pp.187-93, 2008.
DOI : 10.1097/01.moh.0000245694.70135.c3

V. Dogic, Distribution of weak D types in the Croatian population, Transfusion Medicine, vol.95, issue.4, pp.278-287, 2011.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1537-2995.2008.02046.x

B. N. Pham, Anti-D investigations in individuals expressing weak D Type 1 or weak D Type 2: allo- or autoantibodies?, Transfusion, vol.48, issue.12, pp.51-2679, 2011.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1537-2995.2007.01551.x

F. F. Wagner, Weak D alleles express distinct phenotypes, Blood, issue.8, pp.95-2699, 2000.

S. Lee, Organization of the gene encoding the human Kell blood group protein, Blood, vol.85, issue.5, pp.1364-70, 1995.

A. Clapéron, The Kell Protein of the Common K2 Phenotype Is a Catalytically Active Metalloprotease, whereas the Rare Kell K1 Antigen Is Inactive, Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol.113, issue.22, pp.280-21272, 2005.
DOI : 10.1074/jbc.M007579200

G. Hashmi, Determination of 24 minor red blood cell antigens for more than 2000 blood donors by high-throughput DNA analysis. Transfusion, pp.736-783, 2007.

K. Yazdanbakhsh, Identification of a defect in the intracellular trafficking of a Kell blood group variant, Blood, vol.94, issue.1, pp.310-318, 1999.

A. Molano-bilbao, C. M. Kress, J. One, and K. 841_842a, Kpc) homozygous case in a Caucasian blood donor, Transfusion, issue.53, p.163, 2013.

P. E. Bailly, Incidence des antigènes de basse fréquence RH10, RH20, KEL6, en Martinique : implications transfusionnelles Genotyping of 28 blood group alleles in blood donors from Mali: Prediction of rare phenotypes, Transfusion Clinique et Biologique Transfus Apher Sci, issue.2, pp.54-289, 2009.

R. Øyen, G. R. Halverson, and M. E. Reid, Review: conditions causing weak expression of Kell system antigens, Immunohematology, vol.13, issue.3, pp.75-84, 1997.

S. Lee, Mutations that diminish expression of Kell surface protein and lead to the Kmod RBC phenotype, Transfusion, vol.73, issue.8, pp.43-1121, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0887-7963(87)70002-9

B. N. Pham, Allo-immunisation anti-??rythrocytaire, Transfusion Clinique et Biologique, vol.19, issue.6, pp.321-353, 1995.
DOI : 10.1016/j.tracli.2012.06.007

M. J. Telen, Evidence that several high-frequency human blood group antigens reside on phosphatidylinositol-linked erythrocyte membrane proteins, Blood, issue.7, pp.75-1404, 1990.

T. Zelinski, Assignment of the YT blood group locus to chromosome 7q, Genomics, vol.11, issue.1, pp.165-172, 1991.
DOI : 10.1016/0888-7543(91)90113-S

B. R. Eaton, , Characterizing a Blood-group Antigen of High Incidence, British Journal of Haematology, vol.153, issue.4, pp.333-374, 1956.
DOI : 10.1001/jama.1953.02940330028010

C. M. Giles and M. N. Metaxas, Identification of the Predicted Blood Group Antibody Anti-Ytb, Nature, vol.8, issue.4937, pp.1122-1125, 1964.
DOI : 10.1038/2021122a0

G. Daniels, Human Blood groups, pp.354-362, 2013.
DOI : 10.1002/9781118493595

L. Arnaud, SMIM1 is a type II transmembrane phosphoprotein and displays the Vel blood group antigen at its carboxyl-terminus, FEBS Letters, vol.64, issue.23, pp.589-3624, 2015.
DOI : 10.1016/0092-8674(91)90507-U

J. R. Storry, Homozygosity for a null allele of SMIM1 defines the Vel-negative blood group phenotype, Nature Genetics, vol.480, issue.5, pp.537-578, 2013.
DOI : 10.1016/0003-9861(63)90042-0

B. A. Ballif, causes the Vel??? blood type, EMBO Molecular Medicine, vol.97, issue.5, pp.751-61, 2013.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1423-0410.2009.01209.x

A. Cvejic, SMIM1 underlies the Vel blood group and influences red blood cell traits, Nature Genetics, vol.7, issue.5, pp.542-545, 2013.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.97.18.10101
URL : https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4179282/pdf

S. A. Gale, G. P. Rowe, F. E. Northfield, M. Veldhuisen, and B. E. , Application of a microtitre plate antiglobulin technique to determine the incidence of donors lacking high frequency antigens Genetic Screening for the Vel-phenotype circumvents difficult serological screening due to variable Vel expression levels Identification of two novel mutations in SMIM1 resulting in low vel expression, Vox Sang Vox Sang Vox Sang, vol.54, issue.107S1, pp.172-175, 1988.

M. J. Christophersen, M. Jöud, and B. Thuresson, Genetic variants regulate expression of SMIM1 and the Vel blood group antigen, Vox Sang, vol.107, issue.S1, p.16, 2014.

C. Tournamille, Partial C antigen in sickle cell disease patients: clinical relevance and prevention of alloimmunization, Transfusion, vol.49, issue.1, pp.13-22, 2010.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1537-2995.2009.02382.x

M. Silvy, Characterization of novel RHD alleles: relationship between phenotype, genotype, and trimeric architecture, Transfusion, vol.45, issue.9, pp.2020-2029, 2012.
DOI : 10.1111/j.0041-1132.2004.04211.x
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00730526

W. A. Flegel, S. R. Khull, and F. F. Wagner, Primary anti-D immunization by weak D type 2 RBCs, Transfusion, vol.3, issue.4, pp.428-462, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/S1246-7820(96)80049-8

W. A. Flegel, S. Castellana, and T. Mazza, Molecular genetics and clinical applications for RH, Transfusion and Apheresis Science, vol.44, issue.1, pp.81-91, 2011.
DOI : 10.1016/j.transci.2010.12.013
URL : https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3042511/pdf

I. Callebaut, Hydrophobic cluster analysis and??modeling of??the??human Rh protein three-dimensional structures, Transfusion Clinique et Biologique, vol.13, issue.1-2, pp.70-84, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/j.tracli.2006.02.001
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00151593

F. Lejeune and L. E. Maquat, Mechanistic links between nonsense-mediated mRNA decay and pre-mRNA splicing in mammalian cells, Current Opinion in Cell Biology, vol.17, issue.3, pp.309-324, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ceb.2005.03.002

E. Conti and E. Izaurralde, Nonsense-mediated mRNA decay: molecular insights and mechanistic variations across species, Current Opinion in Cell Biology, vol.17, issue.3, pp.316-341, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ceb.2005.04.005

Y. Fichou, Extensive functional analyses of RHD splice site variants: Insights into the potential role of splicing in the physiology of Rh, Transfusion, issue.6 2, pp.55-1432, 2015.

L. Filosa, alleles: molecular characterization and associated antigen density, Transfusion, vol.48, issue.8, pp.2154-2159, 2016.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1537-2995.2010.02830.x
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01331570

T. Granier, A comprehensive survey of both RHD and RHCE allele frequencies in sub- Saharan Africa, Transfusion, issue.11 2, pp.2013-53
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00870826

S. Kappler-gratias, Systematic RH genotyping and variant identification in French donors of African origin, Blood Transfus, vol.12, issue.1, pp.264-72, 2014.

L. Pennec and P. Y. , [The erythrocyte phenotype Rh: 32,-46: transfusional and obstetric importance], Rev Fr Transfus Hemobiol, vol.32, issue.4, pp.291-298, 1989.

C. M. Westhoff, RHCE*ceMO is frequently in cis to RHD*DAU0 and encodes a hr(S) -, hr(B) -, RH:-61 phenotype in black persons: clinical significance, Transfusion, issue.11 2, pp.2013-53

C. Vrignaud, The First Case of RHCE Variant Allele in People of Southeast Asian Ancestry Based on a Novel RHCE*CE Molecular Background: RHCE*CE382A. Transfusion, 2014. 54(S): p. 146. 73 A Silent Mutation 939G>A in RHCE (Pro313) Causes Loss of A Splice Site and Complete Skipping of Exon 6 Resulting in Expression of A Novel E Antigen, Transfusion Medecine, issue.S1, pp.20-26, 2010.

G. F. Kormoczi, E. A. Scharberg, and C. Gassner, allele with weak Kell antigen expression confirming the cis-modifier effect of KEL3, Transfusion, vol.45, issue.4, pp.733-742, 2009.
DOI : 10.1007/978-3-662-05746-9

E. S. Wester, KEL*02 alleles with alterations in and around exon 8 in individuals with apparent KEL:1,???2 phenotypes, Vox Sanguinis, vol.47, issue.Suppl 1, pp.150-157, 2010.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1423-0410.2010.01334.x

M. Silvy, alleles: structural modeling to assess the impact of amino acid changes, Transfusion, vol.99, issue.5, pp.1223-1232, 2016.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1423-0410.2010.01334.x
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01297315

H. Polin, Identification of a novel Kmod -1 allele encoded by 977C>T (Pro326Leu). Transfusion, pp.2130-2131, 2014.

J. Poole, A KEL gene encoding serine at position 193 of the Kell glycoprotein results in expression of KEL1 antigen, Transfusion, vol.78, issue.11, pp.46-1879, 2006.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1423-0410.2005.00603.x

Y. Ji, Novel alleles at the Kell blood group locus that lead to Kell variant phenotype in the Dutch population, Transfusion, vol.118, issue.11 Suppl 2, pp.413-434, 2015.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1471-0528.2011.03028.x

Y. Danger, Characterization of a new human monoclonal antibody directed against the Vel antigen, Vox Sanguinis, vol.259, issue.2, pp.172-180, 2016.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.0813167106
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01237092

M. V. Hennion, F. Narboux, C. Adjerad, L. Courbil, R. Fabra et al., Mise en place d'un dépistage de masse du phénotype rare VEL négatif sur automate de groupe sanguin à haute cadence PK7300 en qualification biologique des dons Molecular Screening for Vel-Blood Donors in Southwestern Germany, Transfusion Clinique et Biologique Transfus Med Hemother, vol.24, issue.6, pp.42-356, 2015.

M. Silvy, S. Chapel-fernandes, and I. Callebaut, Characterization of novel RHD alleles: relationship between phenotype, genotype, and trimeric architecture, Transfusion, vol.45, issue.9, pp.2020-2029, 2012.
DOI : 10.1111/j.0041-1132.2004.04211.x
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00730526

I. Callebaut, F. Dulin, and O. Bertrand, Hydrophobic cluster analysis and??modeling of??the??human Rh protein three-dimensional structures, Transfusion Clinique et Biologique, vol.13, issue.1-2, pp.70-84, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.tracli.2006.02.001
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00151593

V. Nicolas, L. Van-kim, C. Gane, and P. , -associated Mutation, Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol.7, issue.28, pp.25526-25559, 2003.
DOI : 10.1074/jbc.273.46.30785

M. Silvy, S. Simon, and J. Gouvitsos, Weak D and DEL alleles detected by routine SNaPshot genotyping: identification of four novel RHD alleles, Transfusion, vol.13, issue.2, pp.401-412, 2011.
DOI : 10.1016/j.tracli.2006.02.019
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00636096

W. Flegel, I. Von-zabern, and A. Doescher, DCS-1, DCS-2, and DFV share amino acid substitutions at the extracellular RhD protein vestibule, Transfusion, vol.22, issue.0, pp.25-33, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/S1246-7820(96)80073-5
URL : http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1537-2995.2007.01506.x/pdf

G. Daniels and . Editor, Human blood groups, 2013.
DOI : 10.1002/9781118493595

M. Pal and B. Williams, Prevalence of maternal red cell alloimmunisation: a population study from Queensland, Australia, Pathology, vol.47, issue.2, pp.151-156, 2015.
DOI : 10.1097/PAT.0000000000000225

D. Russo, C. Redman, and S. Lee, Association of XK and Kell Blood Group Proteins, Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol.85, issue.22, pp.13950-13956, 1998.
DOI : 10.1016/0304-4157(86)90009-2

A. Clap-eron, C. Rose, and P. Gane, The Kell Protein of the Common K2 Phenotype Is a Catalytically Active Metalloprotease, whereas the Rare Kell K1 Antigen Is Inactive, Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol.113, issue.22, pp.21272-83, 2005.
DOI : 10.1074/jbc.M007579200

M. Reid, C. Lomas-francis, and M. Olsson, The blood group antigens factsbook, 2012.

D. Russo, S. Lee, and M. Reid, Point mutations causing the McLeod phenotype, Transfusion, vol.10, issue.3, pp.287-93, 2002.
DOI : 10.1046/j.1365-3148.2000.00245.x

K. Yazdanbakhsh, S. Lee, and Q. Yu, Identification of a defect in the intracellular trafficking of a Kell blood group variant, Blood, vol.94, pp.310-318, 1999.

S. Lee, D. Russo, and M. Reid, Mutations that diminish expression of Kell surface protein and lead to the Kmod RBC phenotype, Transfusion, vol.73, issue.8, pp.1121-1126, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0887-7963(87)70002-9

S. Lee, The value of DNA analysis for antigens of the Kell and Kx blood group systems, Transfusion, vol.91, issue.s1, pp.32-41, 2007.
DOI : 10.1002/ana.76.abs

K. Orm?-oczi, G. Wagner, T. Jungbauer, and C. , Genetic diversity of KELnull and KELel: a nationwide Austrian survey, Transfusion, vol.47, pp.703-717, 2007.

L. Kelley, S. Mezulis, and C. Yates, The Phyre2 web portal for protein modeling, prediction and analysis, Nature Protocols, vol.1, issue.6, pp.845-58, 2015.
DOI : 10.1093/bioinformatics/btl677

H. Schulz, G. Dale, and Y. Karimi-nejad, Structure of human Endothelin-converting Enzyme I Complexed with Phosphoramidon, Journal of Molecular Biology, vol.385, issue.1, pp.178-87, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jmb.2008.10.052

M. Mart-i-renom, A. Stuart, and A. Fiser, Comparative Protein Structure Modeling of Genes and Genomes, Annual Review of Biophysics and Biomolecular Structure, vol.29, issue.1, pp.291-325, 2000.
DOI : 10.1146/annurev.biophys.29.1.291

E. Pettersen, T. Goddard, and C. Huang, UCSF Chimera?A visualization system for exploratory research and analysis, Journal of Computational Chemistry, vol.373, issue.13, pp.1605-1617, 2004.
DOI : 10.1002/jcc.20084

S. Martin-blanc, P. Simon, and D. Gien, Identification of novel silent KEL alleles causing KEL:-5 (Ko) phenotype or discordance between KEL:1,-2 phenotype/KEL*01/02 genotype, Transfusion, vol.53, pp.2859-66, 2013.

C. Lomas-francis, S. Vege, and R. Velliquette, ) phenotypes, Transfusion, vol.94, pp.2887-91, 2013.
DOI : 10.1111/trf.12200

A. Matteocci, T. Mancuso, and A. Moscetti, red blood cell phenotypes, Transfusion, vol.19, issue.11 Suppl 2, pp.3216-3237, 2014.
DOI : 10.1101/gr.092841.109

J. Moulds, R. Persa, and D. Rierson, Three novel alleles in the Kell blood group system resulting in the Knull phenotype and the first in a Native American, Transfusion, vol.53, pp.2867-71, 2013.

K. Crew, V. Poole, J. Burton, and N. , alleles in one family with unusual Kell phenotypes explain a 35-year old conundrum, Vox Sanguinis, vol.465, issue.11 Suppl 2, pp.242-249, 2014.
DOI : 10.1038/nature09000

Y. Ji, B. Veldhuisen, and P. Ligthart, Novel alleles at the Kell blood group locus that lead to Kell variant phenotype in the Dutch population, Transfusion, vol.118, issue.11 Suppl 2, pp.413-434, 2015.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1471-0528.2011.03028.x

J. Poole, N. Warke, and H. Hustinx, A KEL gene encoding serine at position 193 of the Kell glycoprotein results in expression of KEL1 antigen, Transfusion, vol.78, issue.11, pp.1879-85, 2006.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1423-0410.2005.00603.x

P. Kumar, S. Henikoff, and P. Ng, Predicting the effects of coding non-synonymous variants on protein function using the SIFT algorithm, Nature Protocols, vol.4, issue.7, pp.1073-81, 2009.
DOI : 10.1101/gr.772403

C. De-coulgeans, M. Silvy, and G. Halverson, Synonymous nucleotide polymorphisms influence Dombrock blood group protein expression in K562 cells, British Journal of Haematology, vol.16, issue.1, pp.131-172, 2014.
DOI : 10.1038/nsmb.1554
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00940863

G. Kudla, A. Murray, and D. Tollervey, Coding-Sequence Determinants of Gene Expression in Escherichia coli, Science, vol.425, issue.6959, pp.255-263, 2009.
DOI : 10.1038/nature02046

A. Komar, T. Lesnik, and C. Reiss, Synonymous codon substitutions affect ribosome traffic and protein folding during in vitro translation, FEBS Letters, vol.226, issue.3, pp.387-91, 1999.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1994.tb20093.x

A. Komar, A pause for thought along the co-translational folding pathway, Trends in Biochemical Sciences, vol.34, issue.1, pp.16-24, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.tibs.2008.10.002