J. P. Nataro and J. B. Kaper, Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli, Clin Microbiol Rev, vol.11, issue.1, pp.142-201, 1998.

J. G. Lawrence and H. Ochman, Molecular archaeology of the Escherichia coli genome, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.95, issue.16, pp.95-9413, 1998.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.95.16.9413

O. Gal-mor and B. B. Finlay, Pathogenicity islands: a molecular toolbox for bacterial virulence, Cellular Microbiology, vol.66, issue.11, pp.1707-1726, 2006.
DOI : 10.1128/IAI.69.4.2107-2115.2001

J. Hacker and J. B. Kaper, Pathogenicity Islands and the Evolution of Microbes, Annual Review of Microbiology, vol.54, issue.1, pp.641-79, 2000.
DOI : 10.1146/annurev.micro.54.1.641

B. B. Finlay and S. Falkow, Common themes in microbial pathogenicity revisited, Microbiol Mol Biol Rev, vol.61, issue.2, pp.136-69, 1997.

H. Schmidt and M. Hensel, Pathogenicity Islands in Bacterial Pathogenesis, Clinical Microbiology Reviews, vol.17, issue.1, pp.14-56, 2004.
DOI : 10.1128/CMR.17.1.14-56.2004

C. Wandersman and P. Delepelaire, Bacterial Iron Sources: From Siderophores to Hemophores, Annual Review of Microbiology, vol.58, issue.1
DOI : 10.1146/annurev.micro.58.030603.123811

R. Fronzes, H. Remaut, and G. Waksman, Architectures and biogenesis of non-flagellar protein appendages in Gram-negative bacteria, The EMBO Journal, vol.39, issue.17, pp.27-2271, 2008.
DOI : 10.1038/emboj.2008.155

E. Hahn, P. Wild, U. Hermanns, P. Sebbel, R. Glockshuber et al., Exploring the 3D Molecular Architecture of Escherichia coli Type 1 Pili, Journal of Molecular Biology, vol.323, issue.5, pp.323-845, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/S0022-2836(02)01005-7

R. G. Gerlach and M. Hensel, Protein secretion systems and adhesins: The molecular armory of Gram-negative pathogens, International Journal of Medical Microbiology, vol.297, issue.6, pp.297-401, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ijmm.2007.03.017

I. Connell, W. Agace, P. Klemm, M. Schembri, S. Marild et al., Type 1 fimbrial expression enhances Escherichia coli virulence for the urinary tract., Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.93, issue.18, pp.93-9827, 1996.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.93.18.9827

T. Proft and E. N. Baker, Pili in Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria ??? structure, assembly and their role in disease, Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences, vol.66, issue.4, pp.613-648, 2009.
DOI : 10.1007/s00018-008-8477-4

M. M. Barnhart and M. R. Chapman, Curli Biogenesis and Function, Annual Review of Microbiology, vol.60, issue.1, pp.131-178, 2006.
DOI : 10.1146/annurev.micro.60.080805.142106
URL : http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2838481

U. Gophna, M. Barlev, R. Seijffers, T. A. Oelschlager, J. Hacker et al., Curli Fibers Mediate Internalization of Escherichia coli by Eukaryotic Cells, Infection and Immunity, vol.69, issue.4, pp.2659-65, 2000.
DOI : 10.1128/IAI.69.4.2659-2665.2001

C. R. Peabody, Y. J. Chung, M. R. Yen, D. Vidal-ingigliardi, A. P. Pugsley et al., Type II protein secretion and its relationship to bacterial type IV pili and archaeal flagella, Microbiology, vol.149, issue.11, pp.149-3051, 2003.
DOI : 10.1099/mic.0.26364-0

S. E. Cotter, N. K. Surana, and J. W. St-geme, Trimeric autotransporters: a distinct subfamily of autotransporter proteins, Trends in Microbiology, vol.13, issue.5, pp.199-205, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.tim.2005.03.004

D. S. Feingold, Bacterial Adherence, Colonization, and Pathogenicity, Archives of Dermatology, vol.122, issue.2, pp.161-164, 1986.
DOI : 10.1001/archderm.1986.01660140051015

A. T. Rego, V. Chandran, and G. Waksman, Two-step and one-step secretion mechanisms in Gram-negative bacteria: contrasting the type??IV secretion system and the chaperone-usher pathway of pilus biogenesis, Biochemical Journal, vol.15, issue.3, pp.475-88
DOI : 10.1038/nature08588

N. W. Rigel and M. Braunstein, A new twist on an old pathway ??? accessory secretion systems, Molecular Microbiology, vol.255, issue.2, pp.291-302, 2008.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2008.06294.x

P. Natale, T. Bruser, and A. J. Driessen, Sec- and Tat-mediated protein secretion across the bacterial cytoplasmic membrane???Distinct translocases and mechanisms, Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Biomembranes, vol.1778, issue.9, pp.1778-1735, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.bbamem.2007.07.015

P. A. Lee, D. Tullman-ercek, and G. Georgiou, The Bacterial Twin-Arginine Translocation Pathway, Annual Review of Microbiology, vol.60, issue.1, pp.373-95, 2006.
DOI : 10.1146/annurev.micro.60.080805.142212

N. P. Cianciotto, Type II secretion: a protein secretion system for all seasons, Trends in Microbiology, vol.13, issue.12, pp.581-589, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.tim.2005.09.005

I. R. Henderson, F. Navarro-garcia, M. Desvaux, R. C. Fernandez, and D. , Type V Protein Secretion Pathway: the Autotransporter Story, Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews, vol.68, issue.4, pp.692-744, 2004.
DOI : 10.1128/MMBR.68.4.692-744.2004

D. G. Thanassi, E. T. Saulino, and S. J. Hultgren, The chaperone/usher pathway: a major terminal branch of the general secretory pathway, Current Opinion in Microbiology, vol.1, issue.2, pp.223-254, 1998.
DOI : 10.1016/S1369-5274(98)80015-5

B. Coburn, I. Sekirov, and B. B. Finlay, Type III Secretion Systems and Disease, Clinical Microbiology Reviews, vol.20, issue.4, pp.535-584, 2007.
DOI : 10.1128/CMR.00013-07

P. J. Christie, K. Atmakuri, V. Krishnamoorthy, S. Jakubowski, and E. Cascales, BIOGENESIS, ARCHITECTURE, AND FUNCTION OF BACTERIAL TYPE IV SECRETION SYSTEMS, Annual Review of Microbiology, vol.59, issue.1, pp.451-85, 2005.
DOI : 10.1146/annurev.micro.58.030603.123630

Z. Ding, K. Atmakuri, and P. J. Christie, The outs and ins of bacterial type IV secretion substrates, Trends in Microbiology, vol.11, issue.11, pp.527-562, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/j.tim.2003.09.004

A. Filloux, A. Hachani, and S. Bleves, The bacterial type VI secretion machine: yet another player for protein transport across membranes, Microbiology, vol.154, issue.6, pp.1570-83, 2008.
DOI : 10.1099/mic.0.2008/016840-0

S. Pukatzki, S. B. Mcauley, S. T. Miyata-cascales, and E. , The type VI secretion system: translocation of effectors and effector-domains, Protein toxins of Escherichia coli and Salmonella. Escherichia coli and Salmonella, pp.11-18, 1996.
DOI : 10.1016/j.mib.2008.11.010

S. Mattoo, Y. M. Lee, and J. E. Dixon, Interactions of bacterial effector proteins with host proteins, Current Opinion in Immunology, vol.19, issue.4, pp.392-401, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.coi.2007.06.005

L. J. Mota and G. R. Cornelis, The bacterial injection kit: Type III secretion systems, Annals of Medicine, vol.72, issue.4, pp.234-283, 2005.
DOI : 10.1093/emboj/cdg517

J. B. Kaper, J. P. Nataro, and H. L. Mobley, Pathogenic Escherichia coli, Nat Rev Microbiol, issue.22, pp.123-163, 2004.

M. J. Rubinoff and M. Field, Infectious Diarrhea, Annual Review of Medicine, vol.42, issue.1, pp.403-413, 1991.
DOI : 10.1146/annurev.me.42.020191.002155

V. K. Viswanathan, K. Hodges, and G. Hecht, Enteric infection meets intestinal function: how bacterial pathogens cause diarrhoea, Nature Reviews Microbiology, vol.131, issue.2, pp.110-119, 2009.
DOI : 10.1038/nrmicro2053
URL : http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3326399

S. C. Clarke, Diarrhoeagenic Escherichia coli???an emerging problem?, Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease, vol.41, issue.3, pp.93-101, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/S0732-8893(01)00303-0

H. D. Chen and G. Frankel, : unravelling pathogenesis, FEMS Microbiology Reviews, vol.29, issue.1, pp.83-98, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.femsre.2004.07.002

J. Celli, M. Olivier, and B. B. Finlay, Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli mediates antiphagocytosis through the inhibition of PI 3-kinase-dependent pathways, The EMBO Journal, vol.20, issue.6, pp.1245-58, 2001.
DOI : 10.1093/emboj/20.6.1245

M. H. Ruchaud-sparagano, M. Maresca, and B. Kenny, Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) inactivate innate immune responses prior to compromising epithelial barrier function, Cellular Microbiology, vol.67, issue.8, pp.1909-1930, 2007.
DOI : 10.1002/jcp.1041220105

K. Kunzelmann, B. Mcmorran-dean, P. , M. Maresca, B. Kenny et al., First encounter: how pathogens compromise epithelial transport EPEC's weapons of mass subversion The effector repertoire of enteropathogenic E. coli: ganging up on the host cell A comparison of enteropathogenic and enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli pathogenesis, Physiology (Bethesda) Curr Opin Microbiol Curr Opin Microbiol FEMS Microbiol Lett, vol.19, issue.1212, pp.240-244, 2004.

M. Maresca, D. Miller, S. Quitard, P. Dean, and B. Kenny, Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) effector-mediated suppression of antimicrobial nitric oxide production in a small intestinal epithelial model system, Cellular Microbiology, vol.275, issue.12, pp.1749-62, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.tibs.2003.12.003

J. Hayashi, G. Parkhill, and . Frankel, Complete genome sequence and comparative genome analysis of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli O127:H6 strain E2348/69, J Bacteriol, vol.191, issue.1, pp.347-54, 2009.

T. K. Mcdaniel and J. B. Kaper, A cloned pathogenicity island from enteropathogenic Escherichia coli confers the attaching and effacing phenotype on E. coli K-12, Molecular Microbiology, vol.23, issue.2, pp.399-407, 1997.
DOI : 10.1046/j.1365-2958.1997.2311591.x

W. Deng, B. A. Vallance, Y. Li, J. L. Puente, and B. B. Finlay, Citrobacter rodentium translocated intimin receptor (Tir) is an essential virulence factor needed for actin condensation, intestinal colonization and colonic hyperplasia in mice, Molecular Microbiology, vol.69, issue.1, pp.48-95, 2003.
DOI : 10.1046/j.1365-2958.2003.03429.x

W. Deng, J. L. Puente, S. Gruenheid, Y. Li, B. A. Vallance et al., Dissecting virulence: Systematic and functional analyses of a pathogenicity island, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.101, issue.10, pp.101-3597, 2004.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.0400326101

A. P. Tampakaki, V. E. Fadouloglou, A. D. Gazi, N. J. Panopoulos, M. Kokkinidis-cornelis et al., Conserved features of type III secretion, Cellular Microbiology, vol.45, issue.9, pp.805-821, 2004.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1462-5822.2004.00432.x

Y. Iizumi, H. Sagara, Y. Kabe, M. Azuma, K. Kume et al., The Enteropathogenic E. coli Effector EspB Facilitates Microvillus Effacing and Antiphagocytosis by Inhibiting Myosin Function, Cell Host & Microbe, vol.2, issue.6, pp.383-92, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.chom.2007.09.012

P. Aldridge and K. T. Hughes, How and when are substrates selected for type III secretion?, Trends in Microbiology, vol.9, issue.5, pp.209-223, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/S0966-842X(01)02014-5

P. Ghosh, Process of Protein Transport by the Type III Secretion System, Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews, vol.68, issue.4, pp.771-95, 2004.
DOI : 10.1128/MMBR.68.4.771-795.2004

N. A. Thomas, W. Deng, J. L. Puente, E. A. Frey, C. K. Yip et al., CesT is a multi-effector chaperone and recruitment factor required for the efficient type III secretion of both LEE-and non-LEE-encoded effectors of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli

E. Mills, K. Baruch, X. Charpentier, S. Kobi, and I. Rosenshine, Real-Time Analysis of Effector Translocation by the Type III Secretion System of Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli, Cell Host & Microbe, vol.3, issue.2, pp.1762-79, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.chom.2007.11.007

S. J. Elliott, C. B. O-'connell, A. Koutsouris, C. Brinkley, M. S. Donnenberg et al., A Gene from the Locus of Enterocyte Effacement That Is Required for Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli To Increase Tight-Junction Permeability Encodes a Chaperone for EspF, Infection and Immunity, vol.70, issue.5, pp.70-2271, 2002.
DOI : 10.1128/IAI.70.5.2271-2277.2002

B. Kenny, R. Devinney, M. Stein, D. J. Reinscheid, E. A. Frey et al., Enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) Transfers Its Receptor for Intimate Adherence into Mammalian Cells, Cell, vol.91, issue.4, pp.91-511, 1997.
DOI : 10.1016/S0092-8674(00)80437-7

P. Dean, M. Maresca, S. Schuller, A. D. Phillips, and B. Kenny, Potent diarrheagenic mechanism mediated by the cooperative action of three enteropathogenic Escherichia coli-injected effector proteins, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.103, issue.6, pp.1876-81, 2006.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.0509451103

B. Kenny and M. Jepson, Targeting of an enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) effector protein to host mitochondria, Cellular Microbiology, vol.13, issue.6, pp.579-90, 2000.
DOI : 10.1046/j.1365-2958.1998.00782.x

T. Nagai, A. Abe, and C. Sasakawa, Targeting of Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli EspF to Host Mitochondria Is Essential for Bacterial Pathogenesis: CRITICAL ROLE OF THE 16TH LEUCINE RESIDUE IN EspF, Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol.280, issue.4, pp.2998-3011, 2004.
DOI : 10.1074/jbc.M411550200

B. Kenny, S. Ellis, A. D. Leard, J. Warawa, H. Mellor et al., Co-ordinate regulation of distinct host cell signalling pathways by multifunctional enteropathogenic Escherichia coli effector molecules, Molecular Microbiology, vol.69, issue.4, pp.1095-1107, 2002.
DOI : 10.1046/j.1365-2958.2002.02952.x

S. Quitard, P. Dean, M. Maresca, and B. Kenny, The enteropathogenic Escherichia coli EspF effector molecule inhibits PI-3 kinase-mediated uptake independently of mitochondrial targeting, Cellular Microbiology, vol.67, issue.6, pp.972-81, 2006.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1462-5822.2004.00416.x

R. K. Shaw, K. Smollett, J. Cleary, J. Garmendia, A. Straatman-iwanowska et al., Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli Type III Effectors EspG and EspG2 Disrupt the Microtubule Network of Intestinal Epithelial Cells, Infection and Immunity, vol.73, issue.7, pp.73-4385, 2005.
DOI : 10.1128/IAI.73.7.4385-4390.2005

F. L. Tomson, V. K. Viswanathan, K. J. Kanack, R. P. Kanteti, K. V. Straub et al., Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli EspG disrupts microtubules and in conjunction with Orf3 enhances perturbation of the tight junction barrier The bacterial effectors EspG and EspG2 induce a destructive calpain activity that is kept in check by the co-delivered Tir effector, Mol Microbiol Cell Microbiol. Mol Microbiol, vol.56, issue.733, pp.447-64, 2003.

N. Dong, L. Liu, and F. Shao, A bacterial effector targets host DH-PH domain RhoGEFs and antagonizes macrophage phagocytosis, The EMBO Journal, vol.325, issue.8, pp.1363-76
DOI : 10.1038/nsmb.1517

L. J. Vallance, B. B. Foster, and . Finlay, The pathogenic E. coli type III effector EspZ interacts with host CD98 and facilitates host cell prosurvival signalling, Cell Microbiol

M. A. Jepson, S. Pellegrin, L. Peto, D. N. Banbury, A. D. Leard et al., Synergistic roles for the Map and Tir effector molecules in mediating uptake of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) into non-phagocytic cells, Cell Microbiol, issue.511, pp.773-83, 2003.

J. L. Mellies, S. J. Elliott, V. Sperandio, M. S. Donnenberg, and J. B. Kaper, The Per regulon of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli : identification of a regulatory cascade and a novel transcriptional activator, the locus of enterocyte effacement (LEE)-encoded regulator (Ler), Molecular Microbiology, vol.154, issue.2, pp.296-306, 1999.
DOI : 10.1046/j.1365-2958.1996.531415.x

J. A. Giron, A. S. Ho, and G. K. Schoolnik, An inducible bundle-forming pilus of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli, Science, vol.254, issue.5032, pp.254-710, 1991.
DOI : 10.1126/science.1683004

D. Bieber, S. W. Ramer, C. Y. Wu, W. J. Murray, T. Tobe et al., Type IV Pili, Transient Bacterial Aggregates, and Virulence of Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli, Science, vol.280, issue.5372, pp.280-2114, 1998.
DOI : 10.1126/science.280.5372.2114

J. Barba, V. H. Bustamante, M. A. Flores-valdez, W. Deng, B. B. Finlay et al., A Positive Regulatory Loop Controls Expression of the Locus of Enterocyte Effacement-Encoded Regulators Ler and GrlA, Journal of Bacteriology, vol.187, issue.23, pp.187-7918, 2005.
DOI : 10.1128/JB.187.23.7918-7930.2005

C. Hemrajani, C. N. Berger, K. S. Robinson, O. Marches, A. Mousnier et al., NleH effectors interact with Bax inhibitor-1 to block apoptosis during enteropathogenic Escherichia coli infection, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.107, issue.7, pp.3129-3163
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.0911609106

F. Echtenkamp, W. Deng, M. E. Wickham, A. Vazquez, J. L. Puente et al., Characterization of the NleF effector protein from attaching and effacing bacterial pathogens, FEMS Microbiology Letters, vol.281, issue.1, pp.281-98, 2008.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2008.01088.x

M. Kelly, E. Hart, R. Mundy, O. Marches, S. Wiles et al., Essential Role of the Type III Secretion System Effector NleB in Colonization of Mice by Citrobacter rodentium, Infection and Immunity, vol.74, issue.4, pp.74-2328, 2006.
DOI : 10.1128/IAI.74.4.2328-2337.2006

Y. Meyer, I. Ben-neriah, N. Rosenshine, B. Kokona, R. Fairman et al., The type III secretion effector NleE inhibits NFkappaB activation The plasmid-encoded regulator activates factors conferring lysozyme resistance on enteropathogenic Escherichia coli strains, PLoS Pathog. Appl Environ Microbiol, vol.6, issue.11, pp.75-275, 2009.

L. Badea, S. Doughty, L. Nicholls, J. Sloan, R. M. Robins-browne et al., Contribution of Efa1/LifA to the adherence of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli to epithelial cells, James, and M.S. Donnenberg, A large toxin from pathogenic Escherichia coli strains that inhibits lymphocyte activation, pp.205-220, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/S0882-4010(03)00026-3

J. E. Vidal and F. Navarro-garcia, EspC translocation into epithelial cells by enteropathogenic Escherichia coli requires a concerted participation of type V and III secretion systems, Cell Microbiol, issue.10, pp.10-1975, 2008.

J. L. Mellies, F. Navarro-garcia, I. Okeke, J. Frederickson, J. P. Nataro et al., espC Pathogenicity Island of Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli Encodes an Enterotoxin, Infection and Immunity, vol.69, issue.1, pp.315-339, 2001.
DOI : 10.1128/IAI.69.1.315-324.2001

R. Dommett, M. Zilbauer, J. T. George, and M. Bajaj-elliott, Innate immune defence in the human gastrointestinal tract, Molecular Immunology, vol.42, issue.8, pp.42-903, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.molimm.2004.12.004

M. T. Abreu, Toll-like receptor signalling in the intestinal epithelium: how bacterial recognition shapes intestinal function, Nature Reviews Immunology, vol.165, issue.2, pp.131-175, 2010.
DOI : 10.1038/nri2707

M. B. Hansen and A. B. Witte, The role of serotonin in intestinal luminal sensing and secretion, Acta Physiologica, vol.530, issue.Suppl. 2
DOI : 10.1111/j.1748-1716.2008.01870.x

Y. S. Kim and S. B. Ho, Intestinal Goblet Cells and Mucins in Health and Disease: Recent Insights and Progress, Current Gastroenterology Reports, vol.23, issue.5, pp.319-349, 2010.
DOI : 10.1007/s11894-010-0131-2

A. J. Ouellette, N. Novak, and T. Bieber, Paneth cell alpha-defensins in enteric innate immunity Dendritic cells as regulators of immunity and tolerance, Functional differences between M cells and enterocytes in sampling luminal antigens. Vaccine, pp.26-6221, 2008.

A. Wullaert, Role of NF-??B activation in intestinal immune homeostasis, International Journal of Medical Microbiology, vol.300, issue.1, pp.49-56, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ijmm.2009.08.007

M. S. Hayden and S. Ghosh, Signaling to NF-??B, Genes & Development, vol.18, issue.18, pp.2195-224, 2004.
DOI : 10.1101/gad.1228704

L. F. Chen and W. C. Greene, Shaping the nuclear action of NF-??B, Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology, vol.5, issue.5, pp.392-401, 2004.
DOI : 10.1038/nrm1368

M. F. Kagnoff and L. Eckmann, Epithelial cells as sensors for microbial infection., Journal of Clinical Investigation, vol.100, issue.1, pp.6-10, 1997.
DOI : 10.1172/JCI119522

I. Jutras and M. Desjardins, PHAGOCYTOSIS: At the Crossroads of Innate and Adaptive Immunity, Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology, vol.21, issue.1, pp.511-538, 2005.
DOI : 10.1146/annurev.cellbio.20.010403.102755

L. M. Stuart and R. A. Ezekowitz, Phagocytosis, Immunity, vol.22, issue.5, pp.539-50, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.immuni.2005.05.002

R. C. May and L. M. Machesky, Phagocytosis and the actin cytoskeleton, J Cell Sci, vol.114, pp.1061-77, 2001.

A. Aderem and D. M. Underhill, MECHANISMS OF PHAGOCYTOSIS IN MACROPHAGES, Annual Review of Immunology, vol.17, issue.1, pp.593-623, 1999.
DOI : 10.1146/annurev.immunol.17.1.593

L. M. Stuart and R. A. Ezekowitz, Phagocytosis and comparative innate immunity: learning on the fly, Nature Reviews Immunology, vol.300, issue.2, pp.131-172, 2008.
DOI : 10.1038/nri2240

K. Lindmo and H. Stenmark, Regulation of membrane traffic by phosphoinositide 3-kinases, Journal of Cell Science, vol.119, issue.4, pp.605-619, 2006.
DOI : 10.1242/jcs.02855

O. Marches, V. Covarelli, S. Dahan, C. Cougoule, P. Bhatta et al., EspJ of enteropathogenic and enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli inhibits opsono-phagocytosis, Cellular Microbiology, vol.64, issue.5, pp.1104-1119, 2008.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1462-5822.2004.00414.x

L. Paris, L. Tonutti, C. Vannini, and G. Bazzoni, Structural organization of the tight junctions, Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Biomembranes, vol.1778, issue.3, pp.1778-646, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.bbamem.2007.08.004

C. M. Niessen, Tight Junctions/Adherens Junctions: Basic Structure and Function, Journal of Investigative Dermatology, vol.127, issue.11, pp.2525-2557, 2007.
DOI : 10.1038/sj.jid.5700865
URL : http://doi.org/10.1038/sj.jid.5700865

P. Dean, S. Muhlen, S. Quitard, and B. Kenny, The bacterial effectors EspG and EspG2 induce a destructive calpain activity that is kept in check by the co-delivered Tir effector, Cellular Microbiology, vol.147, issue.9, pp.1308-1329
DOI : 10.1111/j.1462-5822.2010.01469.x

R. Yuhan, A. Koutsouris, S. D. Savkovic, and G. Hecht, Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli-induced myosin light chain phosphorylation alters intestinal epithelial permeability, Gastroenterology, vol.113, issue.6, pp.1873-82, 1997.
DOI : 10.1016/S0016-5085(97)70006-4

I. Simonovic, J. Rosenberg, A. Koutsouris, and G. Hecht, Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli dephosphorylates and dissociates occludin from intestinal epithelial tight junctions, Cellular Microbiology, vol.113, issue.4, pp.305-320, 2000.
DOI : 10.1083/jcb.120.2.477

M. Murek, S. Kopic, and J. Geibel, Evidence for intestinal chloride secretion, Experimental Physiology, vol.279, issue.4, pp.471-479
DOI : 10.1113/expphysiol.2009.049445

K. Hodges, N. M. Alto, K. Ramaswamy, P. K. Dudeja, and G. Hecht, The enteropathogenic Escherichia coli effector protein EspF decreases sodium hydrogen exchanger 3 activity, Cell Microbiol, issue.8, pp.10-1735, 2008.

R. K. Gill, A. Borthakur, K. Hodges, J. R. Turner, D. R. Clayburgh et al., Mechanism underlying inhibition of intestinal apical Cl???/OH??? exchange following infection with enteropathogenic E. coli, Journal of Clinical Investigation, vol.117, issue.2, pp.117-428, 2007.
DOI : 10.1172/JCI29625

M. S. Hayden and S. Ghosh, Shared Principles in NF-??B Signaling, Cell, vol.132, issue.3, pp.344-62, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.cell.2008.01.020